Diamond Mines in South Africa - 5133 Words

Diamond Mines in South Africa TEAM D Eugene Patton, James Pruitt, John Morawa, Kenneth Miller, Nicholas Nauroth, and Shemika McWilliams DeVry University Online April 13, 2011 Diamond Mines in South Africa South Africa’s Culture, Government, Economy, and religion of South Africa (Shemika McWilliams) Diamond mining in South Africa is the main force behind the country’s economy but this has not always been the case. South Africa’s large diamond mining industry started with the discovery of a large diamond on 1886 by a young shepherd named Erasmus Jacobs. The discovery brought in many miners from different parts of the world to South Africa and this lead to the discovery of a bigger diamond in 1871. This created a diamond rush in†¦show more content†¦By the 1860s, the Dutch Reformed Church, the Church of England, and the Roman Catholic Church began mission work (South Africa: Missionaries: Nineteeth Century, 2004). Thirty years later, diverse groups such as the Salvation Army and African American missions of the African Methodist Episcopal Church and the National Baptist Convention worked in South Africa. African Christians, often independent of missionaries, made their religion an important part of their identity. The beginning of the twentieth cen tury, over 30 missionary societies worked in South Africa. Majority of the people were working to promote Christianity throughout Africa. Missionary influence was profound, resistant to easy categorization, and continually negotiated and shaped by African Christians. This movement changed the country’s culture but had little to do influence on the political environment in the country. Political Environment The politics in Africa are very different from the politics that we follow here in the United States. The history of Africa politics is complex. When Egyptian politics looked toward the Mediterranean; the empire was deeply African with several generations of kings and important civilizations, such as the Meroe, coming from the highlands of Nubia (World History, Africa in, 2004). Throughout the decades much of West Africa became part of a much larger African-European network of trade in textiles, slaves, and precious commodities with politicsShow MoreRelatedGlobal Witness Is A Non Governmental Organization Working1311 Words   |  6 Pages Global Witness is a non-governmental organization working independently in Africa to end the political corruption and to bring change to those areas that are impacted the most by violence, human rights violations, and an exploited economy. Employees of Global Witness conduct extensive and very well organized investigations that most of the t ime places the team directly in the danger zones so they can experience what most victims do. There were several changes to government that resulted in corruptionRead MoreDe Beers A Diamond Is Forever Campaign1398 Words   |  6 PagesDe Beers : A Monopoly in the Diamond Industry De Beers advertising slogan A Diamond Is Forever has been the center of its effort to establish the stone as the only appropriate gem to symbolize lifetime love and commitment. The more ad money spent, the more diamonds people buy. And when people buy diamonds, De Beers profits. It is the reason the company spends $180 million a year worldwide to advertise cut diamonds--a product it doesn t even sell. There are very few companies ... you may struggleRead MoreDiscovery Of Diamonds And Gold Diamonds946 Words   |  4 PagesDiscovery of Diamonds Most all of the world has had a love affair with diamonds. They are sparkling, mesmerizingly beautiful and considered rare gems. Yet, if you knew the history and the blood that is shed over the 133 million carats of diamonds mined each year, you would probably never buy a diamond again. Diamonds have been considered valuable since they were found. To understand the diamond industry we must first look at when they were discovered and where they are mined. Although, the firstRead MoreThe History of the Diamond Cartel and Its Role in Determining the Price of Diamonds1174 Words   |  5 PagesDiamonds have been identified as being precious but expensive gems for many decades. Diamonds were extremely rare, only found in India and Brazil until the late nineteenth century (Vogelsang, 2005: 5). After the discovery of diamonds in South Africa, the diamond industry began to flourish. Diamonds then became very abundant and cheap to produce. In order for the value of diamonds to remain as high as they were during the phase in which they were still rare, a diamond cartel was introduced. A cartelRead MoreDiamonds : A Symbolism Of Blood1119 Words   |  5 PagesDiamonds: A Symbolism of Blood or Regality? Marilyn Monroe’s famous line â€Å"Diamonds are a girl’s best friend† is glamorously known worldwide. It is true that diamonds is what every girl desires for. Diamonds signifies to consumer’s wealth and glamour and are generally associated to gift one another or symbolize romance, marriage, and purity. However, despite how appealing a diamond is, its worth could be someone’s life. This is known as blood diamond or conflict diamond. A blood diamond is a diamondRead MoreShould Diamonds Cost so Much? Essay1132 Words   |  5 PagesDiamonds have long been considered some of the most prized and sought after possessions. They have been perceived as indicators of wealth and romance. The diamond market however; has been one of the most controversial and controlled markets in history run by a cartel â€Å"†¦an association of suppliers with the purpose of maintaining prices at a high level and restricting competition† (Oxford English dictionary) formed to prevent the market from becoming flooded with diamonds from too many suppliers, resultingRead MoreThe Battle Of The Diamond Ring1033 Words   |  5 PagesEngagement rings have been in our history for as long as anyone can remember, but the diamond ring is something no one can forget and its history is even more memorable. Originally, the ancient Greeks and Romans were the first to have engagement rings. However, the engagement rings they used did not include diamonds they included a key, which initiated that it was more of a sign of ownership than love. The first known diamond engagement ring was given in 1477 CE between Archduke Maximillian and Mary ofRead MoreEssay about The Price of Diamonds Is Too High1177 Words   |  5 PagesStatement: â€Å"The price of diamonds is too high.† The diamond cartel is the most successful and long-lasting cartel in history. The cartel created a scarcity for diamond and stabilized the prices at a high level. This essay will be discussing the validity of the statement with reference to the market of the diamond industry, history of the diamond cartel, how the price of diamonds is determined, and the implications thereof. â€Å"A cartel is a group of firms acting together†¦to limit output, raise pricesRead MoreMarketing Schemes Of The Diamond Industry Essay1398 Words   |  6 Pagespumps to miners during the diamond rush in 1869 and eventually sensing he had ventured into an untapped market, bought diamond fields by securing funding from the Rothschild family and founded De Beers in 1888. The name De Beers was derived from the two Dutch settlers who owned a South African farm which the British government upon discovering diamonds on their land, forced them to sell in 1871, to a merchant for 6,600 GBP. Diamond monopoly Until mid-1800s, diamonds were a rarity and could onlyRead MoreDiamonds : An Artifact Of Love And Commitment Between Two Lovers1362 Words   |  6 PagesDiamonds! Often used as a beautiful, symbol of love and commitment between two lovers. These are used as a representation of taking that final, everlasting step into eternal happiness with one another before committing to marriage. Diamonds have been a valued and highly revered commodity to consumers all over the world. Unfortunately there is a dark, sordid history and a lot of bloodshed that is attached to these pretty, little rocks. The first known discovery of this natural resource was in India

A Passage to India Imperialism - 1677 Words

Discuss Forster’s portrayal of Imperialism in the novel a passage to India A passage to India by E.M.Forster is a novel which deals largely with the political, economic and social takeover of India by the British Crown. The novel deals widely with colonialism and more specifically, imperialism. Forster presents the theme in question through the lives and minds of the characters from both the Indians and the English people. There is no subjective undertone to the novel and we see clearly how each character feels, politically correct or not. Forster successfully presents different scenarios and relationships with the assistance of symbolism and imagery, for us to imagine and determine a path to where it may lead; based on the concerns the†¦show more content†¦It is evident now that he feels all Englishmen are hopeless, in the end they all conform to the Imperialistic movement and behaviours which encourage racism and a general bad attitude to the Indians. Hamidullah notably gives English women a much shorter tether probably being that they only comm unicate on a personal or sociable level and have no need for professional pleasantries before adopting the imperialistic traits. Forster himself having lived in India is divulging an exaggerated experience of his time there, he is magnifying issues which are completely evident in the force of Imperialism but had never been acknowledged in this way before. There will always, like with any topic be novels which contribute mere nods to the opposition with a main focus on the protagonists encounters, this is not what Forster set out to do. His approach, although himself anti-imperialist is very liberal in that he highlights and presents the Englishman, his â€Å"undeveloped heart† and narrow-mindedness to an unknown world to which he must adapt, or mustn’t as the story goes. An issue what can also be questioned in the novel is if Imperialism itself is the problem, or the way in which the British conduct themselves when India, under Imperialistic ruling. The behaviour of the British can be summoned on many different tangents from Imperialism. The topic of race andShow MoreRelated Colonialism and Imperialism in Heart of Darkness and A Passage to India1683 Words   |  7 Pages It is best to analyze the works, Heart of Darkness and A Passage to India, applying the historical and cultural conditions of the society in which they were produced. The relations between groups and classes of people that imperialism sets up, and that these two works explore, starkly reveals the contradictions within capitalism in a way that a similar piece of fiction set within one culture and dealing with characters from that culture alone cannot. Prior to the analysis however, I would likeRead MoreAnalysis of the Heart of Darkness Beginning982 Words   |  4 Pageslocation, it being the Thames, but also where they are going. This is stated by the words ‘The sea-reach of the Thames stretched before us like the beginning of an interminable waterway’, telling the reader that they are using it as a waterway, a passage to the sea, and then ocean. This is further conveyed by the fact Conrad writes â€Å"the seas and sky were welded together without a joint’. When you see the sea and sky appear to join together, it means you are looking into the horizon. Often, peopleRead MoreImperialism And Its Effects On Society1513 Words   |  7 PagesWhen a person thinks of Imperialism and its effects what is the first concept they might envision? Slavery? Poverty? The empire that covered the world? One might think of men in power or men as the forefront of every decision. While those are all logical assumptions, in reality, in a paradisiacal reality they are not completely accurate. The ignored onlookers in these disparagements were women. Women are the ones who witness the choices being made, they understand the changes taking place, but wereRead MoreFriendship And Cultural Discourse During Colonial India Essay1162 Words   |  5 PagesNot Yet: Friendship and Cultural Discourse in Colonial India Over a bubbling hookah, three Indian men argued about whether being friends with a Englishman was possible. Hamidullah, one of the men, smoking surmised that is possible, but only in England. This statement opens up a discussion of the complicated relationships between native Indians and Anglo-Indians in E.M. Forster’s A Passage to India. As a result of the cultural divide between the peoples and misunderstandings that emerged, Anglo-IndiansRead MoreConcept of Imperialism1392 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Imperialism was always seen as positive for Westerners, but as destructive by the peoples of Africa and Asia. To what extent does this statement appear to be true? Rudyard Kiplings The White mans burden seems to be an ironic condemnation of imperialism. Whilst most Westerners of the viewed imperialism as a necessary fact and as a boon to the savages, Kipling was a pre-contemporary in more ways than one and saw the Whites as simply one more other race populating the world. The White manRead MoreThe Negative Representation of the East in E.M. Forster’s A Passage to India836 Words   |  3 PagesIn this paper I would like to argue that E.M. Forster’s A Passage to India has represented the East in a negative way. This is a traditional novel for exploring themes of racism and the effects of colonialism. It deals with the tensions between India and the Britain during the British Raj in India. The theme which determines the plot-line of this novel is introduced in the beginning through the conversation of Hamidullah, Mahmoud Ali and Aziz as† They were discussing as to whether or no it is possibleRead MoreNature Of Conquest : Understanding The East India Company s Role Of Bengal1246 Words   |  5 PagesNature of Conquest: Understanding the East India Company s role in Bengal A reassessment of the eighteenth century in Indian politics goes hand-in-glove with a discussion of the EIC s intrusion. Before that, a few words are in order regarding Bengal during this period. Referred to as Subah Jannat-i-Bilad-Bangla by Aurangzeb, the province of Bengal proved to be one of the most successful experiments of successor states in eighteenth-century India.1 The efficiency in administration brought aboutRead MoreImperialism And Its Impact On Society Essay1425 Words   |  6 PagesResponse 1: Imperialism Gaining complete dominance within a society can be viewed as a lion taking control over its land. These lions can be regarded as a powerful empire, as they live among other preys fighting for supremacy. In History it has been said that â€Å"A nation that did not expand would not survive† (American Passages, 529). Imperialism is a prime example of a group of prey fighting for sovereignty, within this land we come across the lions, otherwise known as the nations who control theRead MoreExploration For A New Route1451 Words   |  6 Pagesfor a new route to Asia, the VOC in 1609 employed Henry Hudson, an Englishman, to locate the legendary Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans. The VOC had hoped that it would provide a safer and quicker route instead of having to pass through the Cape of Good Hope or going around the tip of South of America. While Hudson never did discover the supposed Northwest Passage, he did explore a vast area of modern day northern US and Canada. These explorations gained the VOC a footholdRead MoreChinese Immigration Of The United States985 Words   |  4 PagesRussia, the slow collapse of the Ottoman Empire following the Crimean War (1853-1856), the faltering control over Latin America by Spain, as well as the growth of European Imperialism and trade in Southeast Asia. In addition, the growth of market capitalism and international trade dominated by corporations such as the East India Company increased western influence in China and exacerbated its financial problems. For the British Empire in particular, this period lead to further development of trade

Impact of Priorities on the Intersection of Language and Culture Free Essays

Carolina Granados Mrs. Brady AP Language and Literature 16 September 2012 Impact of Priorities on the Intersection of Language and Culture The impact of language on culture and culture on language are all essentially based on priorities. A priority can be described as a resource or activity that a culture gives specified attention to. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Priorities on the Intersection of Language and Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now Distinguishing the priorities of a culture can be easily done by taking a look at their language or at their culture. The priorities of cultures, such as that of the Normans, Eskimos, Italians or Asians, are food, everyday activities, and communicating. There are many types of priorities but one priority that is probably the most important to any culture is food. According to Bill Bryson in The Mother Tongue, â€Å"every language has areas in which it needs, for practical purposes, to be more expressive than others† (14). This means that the culture’s priorities cause the language to be more expressive. For example, Italians have over 500 names for macaroni because pasta is their main priority, while Araucanian Indians of Chile have a variety of words for hunger because food is scarce thus not a top priority. As reported by Tanya Brady in her lecture, in 1066 A. D the Normans and the Anglo Saxons had different words for the food they ate. The Anglo Saxon’s priority was the farm animals and to provide the French with food and so they named their food with words like sheep, cow and pig. On the other hand the Norman’s priority was not the farm animal but the actual food on their table therefore they named their food with words like mutton, beef, and bacon. This matters because it shows that their priorities of their food are seen throughout the words in their language. In 1984, Winston was unfamiliar with â€Å"good† foods, like wine. In the book O’Brien says, â€Å"It’s called wine† (Orwell 171). This means that Winston did not know what it was called because it was not in his language sine wine was something Winston never had, making it not a priority. Food is a simple priority that can be affected by the words we use to describe it. In The Origins of Pleasure, Paul Bloom argues that changing the word that describes the food can change what a person thinks they are eating thus bringing more pleasure. For example, changing the name of wines for a more luxurious and expensive name an cause adults to believe they are drinking the expensive stuff making the wine more enjoyable. This shows that the words that are chosen to describe something can affect priorities, like the adults with the wine. Priorities of any culture, like the Eskimos, circle around the everyday activities they do. According to Bill Bryson, Eskimos have fifty words for types of snow. This means that the snow is a large part of their life, making it a big part of their language. Bryson also states that Arabs have over 6,000 words for camels and camel equipment. Working with camels is an everyday thing for the Arabs making camels a priority to their culture. Brady makes it clear that the Normans focused everyday on matters of court, government, fashion, and high living, while the English peasants just continued to eat, drink, work and sleep. The difference in preferences of these two tiers, the French-speaking autocracy and the English-speaking peasantry, is seen throughout the words in their language. In 1984 George Orwell describes that Winston’s priority was to work for the Inner Party. His everyday life did not consist of fun and interesting activities but consisted instead on things the Party wanted him to do. This was because his leader Big Brother was destroying words out of their vocabulary which limited what Winston and the rest of the people in Oceania could do. Orwell describes Winton’s day by saying, â€Å"He†¦hurried of to the Center, took part in the solemn foolery of a â€Å"discussion group,† played two games of table tennis†¦ and sat for a half an hour through a lecture†¦ † (109). This shows his activities were controlled and limited. Mark Pagel in How Language Transformed Humanity said, â€Å"You use your language to alter the settings inside someone else’s brain to suit your interest,† and in fact that was what Big Brother was doing to them. Limiting a person’s activities also limits their priorities. Malcolm Gladwell, in Outliers, states that Asian children tend to work harder in mathematics because it is an advantage in their culture. Their language constructed of remarkably brief number words, which allowed the children to memorize them faster. The difference means that Asian children learn to count much faster than American children. This difference matters because the advantage of the number words in their language made mathematics one of their culture’s priorities. Communication is another priority of any culture around the world. Davis Sedaris in Americans in Paris portrays the priority of communication perfectly. Davis Sedaris could not communicate with the people in Paris because of his language, which narrowed down who he was able to talk to and what he was able to do. Sedaris’s activities were around the people that made him happy and that he had ease understanding and communicating like the children at the theater. Sedaris’s priority of communicating with others was affected by the language he had not yet mastered. Malcolm Gladwell observed that the kinds of errors that cause plane crashes are invariably errors of communication. In the Avianca crash Klotz, the pilot, was not able to communicate his problem effectively because he was using his own cultural language, speaking as a subordinate would to a superior. To the Kennedy Airport air traffic controllers the mitigated speech from the pilot did not mean he was being deferential to a superior but instead it meant he didn’t have a problem. According to George Orwell the Inner Party used Euphony to prevent people in Oceania to communicate. The purpose was so that their society would speak so easily, almost automatically, with no personal expression so that communicating would become harder. Stripping away the uniqueness of how the word was said made the ideas left behind not worth listening to, thus decreasing the communication between everyone. Orwell says, â€Å"There will be no love† (267). In Oceania the people did not have any individual relationships, or any bonds or any love because there was no communication. This means that the priority of communication with individuals, like friends and family was removed completely. This matters because again changing the language in any way can affect the priorities of any individual, like the priority of communication. Mark Pagel states, â€Å"Our modern world is communicating with its self and with each other. † This means that communication is a way for every culture to transfer goods, ideas and technologies. This is a way for parts of the world to put their priorities together changing the known language and culture. Priorities are a large factor of the intersection between language and culture. Priorities essentially distinguish the difference in cultures by pin pointing the focuses in every single culture. Priorities of cultures, such as the food they eat, the activities they conduct, and the way they communicate, affect what people correlate to the words they speak which in turn changes the language. Works Cited Brady, Tanya. â€Å"The History of English Language. † A. P. English Language and Composition. Tahquitz High School. Titan Trail, Hemet, CA. 22 August 2012. Lecture Bryson, Bill. The Mother Tongue: The English Language. Great Britain: Penguin Books,1990. Print. Gladwell, Malcolm. Outliers: The Story of Success. New Work: Little, Brown and Company, November 2008 Orwell, George. 1984. New York: Penguin Books, 1949. Print Page, Mark. â€Å"How Language Transformed Humanity. † 2011 August. http://www. ted. com/talks/view/lang/en//id/1203 Sedaris, David. â€Å"165: Americans in Paris. † Interview with David Sedaris. By Mike, Daisey. Chicago, 2012. Web Bloom, Paul. â€Å"The Origins of Pleasure. † TED Global. Edinburgh, Scotland. July 2011. Conference Presentation. 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Henry David Thoreau Essay Research Paper Henry free essay sample

Henry David Thoreau Essay, Research Paper Henry David Thoreau was a adult male who expressed his beliefs of society, authorities, and world while populating under his ain self-criticism. Thoreau believed he had many failings which made him a failure. This strong disapproval of himself contrasted with his powerful words and strong actions. These contradictions led to some of Thoreau # 8217 ; s greatest pieces of literature. Henry David Thoreau was born in Concord, Massachusetts on July 12, 1817, in his grandma # 8217 ; s house. Thoreau believed that Concord was, # 8220 ; the most estimable topographic point in all the universe, and in the really nick of clip, excessively # 8221 ; ( Harding 4 ) . Though Thoreau was born in # 8220 ; the epoch of good feeling, # 8221 ; his household experienced many bad lucks, politically, physically, and financially ( 4 ) . Thoreau # 8217 ; s male parent, John, was a little, quiet, adult male who got along with Henry on the surface, but it seems that the two neer rather understood each other # 8217 ; s desires. He had weakening wellness and this caused the household # 8217 ; s fiscal strain ( 11 ) . As for John and Henry # 8217 ; s relationship, Harding says, # 8220 ; Their relationship was one based more on acceptance than on enthusiasm # 8221 ; ( 9 ) . Cynthia Thoreau, Henry # 8217 ; s female parent, was more of an vocal dynamic individual. Though the household was hapless, she was known to ever hold plenty for her kids and her neighbours as good. It is evident that both parents passed on their love of nature to their kids ( 9,10 ) . After Henry # 8217 ; s birth, John was forced to subscribe over the household place in Boston. The household was forced to travel as they would many more times to come. On October 12, 1817, Henry was christened after his uncle David Thoreau, who had late died ( 11 ) . At the age of five Henry started school. This was the age that he went to see his grandma for first clip and had his first visit to Walden Pond. Thoreau remembers, # 8220 ; # 8230 ; one of the most ancient scenes stamped on the tablets of my memory # 8230 ; . That sweet purdah my spirit seemed so early to necessitate at one time gave the penchant to this deferral among the pines, where about sunlight and shadow were the lone dwellers that varied the scene, over the disruptive and varied metropolis, as if it had found its proper babys room # 8221 ; ( 13-14 ) . It is evident that Thoreau associates Walden Pond with his happiest memories. Thoreau was a profoundly spiritual adult male, but disliked church. He was really serious as a kid and loved his purdah ( Schneider 4 ) . Thoreau says he was genuinely happy when he could be by himself ( 25 ) . In 1828, Thoreau and his older brother John, to whom he was closest, went to Concord Academy. Henry was the smarter of the two and in 1833, was sent to Harvard University, where he did really good. It was there that Thoreau was foremost exposed to composing publically when the Editor of the Dial, which is a periodical for a transcendentalist group, gave him a occupation. In 1837, Thoreau graduated form Harvard and this is where he foremost heard Ralph Waldo Emerson speak. It was at this clip that he began composing his diary. He started learning in Concord # 8217 ; s Center School for a brief period of two hebdomads. Thoreau was told to implement corporate penalty in the schoolroom and he resigned. He ended up working in his male parent # 8217 ; s pencil mill where he improved American pencils. He did this by bettering the method of blending black lead which he discovered by researching the European methods of doing pencils. This made his male parent # 8217 ; s company the leader in the American market. It was besides at this clip in his life that David Henry had his name changed to Henry David. In clip, Thoreau became good friends with R.W. Emerson and Emerson took on the function of Thoreau # 8217 ; s wise man. Thoreau found support in Emerson # 8217 ; s individuality and doctrines. Both work forces took a nonnatural position of the universe. In 1839, Thoreau and his brother John reopened the Concord Academy. They so took a boating trip on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers to Hooksett, New Hampshire, and to Mount Washington. In 1840, Thoreau published his first piece of poesy in the Dial. Merely a few of his pieces from these publications are remembered, such as, # 8220 ; Sic Vita, # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Smoke, # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Inspiration, # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; Bluebirds. # 8221 ; His love of nature was expressed in his essays such as, # 8220 ; The Natural History of Massachusetts, # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; A Winter Walk. # 8221 ; While this was a positive clip in Thoreau # 8217 ; s life the following twelvemonth held some adversities. The school shut down due to his brother # 8217 ; s unwellness, and Thoreau moved in with William Emerson as his handy-man in order to do money. He still continued to print his poesy and essays in the Dial. The two nonnatural friends, R. W. Emerson and Thoreau began to differ in their doctrines. Thoreau was going a strong truster that the material universe existed where Emerson believed more in the being of the human psyche ( Schneider 4,6-8 ) . Thoreau is known to hold fallen in love with Ellen Sewall, who was besides the involvement of his brother, John. However, she turned them both down in matrimony. It is believed that Henry neer had another love involvement. Horace Hosmer says, # 8220 ; he did non hold the # 8216 ; love -idea # 8217 ; in him: i.e. he did non look to experience the sex-attraction # 8221 ; ( 9 ) . He is portrayed as a homosexual adult male and some of his plants are contained in homosexual books. Walter Harding says, # 8220 ; there is grounds of a strong homoerotic component in Thoreau # 8217 ; s personality-although I should add that to the best of my cognition no factual grounds of homosexualism on Thoreaus # 8217 ; s portion has been exposed # 8221 ; ( 9 ) . There is no cogent evidence that Thoreau was a homosexual, but it would do sense to recognize his disinterest in sex was due to his hunt of moral pureness. Thoreau was a adult male who found no love in society, hence he turned to nature ( 9 ) . In 1842, John Thoreau died of tetanus. This terrible emphasis caused Henry to endure from psychosomatic symptoms of lockjaw. Soon after John # 8217 ; s decease, William Emerson # 8217 ; s boy, Waldo, died. The tragic emphasis of these two incidents in such a short affair of clip was a really unsmooth period for Thoreau. In 1844, Thoreau worked in his male parent # 8217 ; s pencil mill once more. During this clip his love for nature grew and continued to remind him of his brother. In 1845, Thoreau moved to Walden Pond and built a one room cabin. It was here where he began his work on the first of his two published plants of literature, A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River. It was in 1846, when Thoreau spent the dark in gaol for declining to pay a canvass revenue enhancement in order to protest the authoritiess participationin the Mexican War and their allowance of bondage. As Schneider says, # 8220 ; # 8230 ; he spent his celebrated dark in gaol # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( 14 ) . He believed he was doing an unbelievable statement that would put a theoretical account for the remainder of society. Unfortunately, his action had small consequence on the people, which led to his essay # 8220 ; Civil Disobedience # 8221 ; ( 14 ) . In this essay, Thoreau explains how he could non name a authorities his ain that allowed bondage. He foremost delivered this essay as a address called, # 8220 ; The Rights and Duties of the Individual in Relation to Government # 8221 ; ( Meltzer 44 ) . It did non go known as # 8220 ; Civil Disobedience # 8221 ; until after Thoreau # 8217 ; s decease. His powerful and persuasive words in this address trade with moral issues and their struggle with the jurisprudence ( 44 ) . Besides at this clip, Thoreau took his first trip to the Maine Forests where he climbed the Mount Ktahdin ( sic ) . He gained much from of his clip spent at Walden Pond and got much accomplished. He completed the unsmooth bill of exchange of his 2nd and best known piece of work, Walden ( Schneider 14 ) . Harding Tells us Thoreau lived at Walden two old ages, two yearss, and two months out of his 44 old ages of life ( Hicks 47 ) . He felt that this was clip good exhausted and a good facet to his life, about like a life completed to his overall life. Thoreau left Walden Pond to return to town and work on composing and talking. He stayed with the Emerson # 8217 ; s for a clip and than his parents. The twelvemonth 1849 saw the publication of A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers and the talk # 8220 ; Civil Disobedience. # 8221 ; Unfortunately, A Week was non a immense hit and this lone down Thoreau. In 1854, Walden was published by Ticknor and Fields and sold really good. Over the following few old ages Thoreau took many trips to Cape Cod, New England, New Jersey, and the Maine Woods. He met many new interesting people such as John Brown and Walt Whitman. In 1859, Thoreau # 8217 ; s male parent died and he inherited the pencil mill. At this clip, he was giving talks and composing essays. In 1860, Thoreau # 8217 ; s concluding unwellness began to fall. He still wanted to work. He continued to compose verse forms such as # 8220 ; Wild Apples # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; Autumnal Tints # 8221 ; which consisted of his nonnatural positions which remained changeless throughout his calling as an creative person. In 1860, Thoreau contracted bronchitis and went to Minnesota to happen a desiccant clime, nevertheless, he returned place when the alteration did non seem to assist. On May 6, 1862, Thoreau died in Concord ( Schneider 9,11-14,16,19,21 ) . Thoreau spent his life seeking to understand the semblances of the material universe and see past them and understand truth. His life is a contrast between two extremes, pure transcendental philosophy and surface ideals. It is said that merely in Walden did he show a balance between the existent universe and his art ( 23 ) . Thoreau was an unbelievable American writer. Harmonizing to his diary, he thought of himself as a poet, though Stern tells us his prose was much better than his poetry. Thoreau had the ability to read people for who they truly were. He had high outlooks of people and could hardly run into these outlooks himself. His life was full of seeking for truth, beauty, and honest apprehension for a better life for world ( Stern 15 ) . This seeking was due to his uncertainty and unreciprocated inquiries. Many thought Thoreau was stuck up, but he was merely self-critical. As Thoreau says, # 8220 ; I neer dreamed of any outrageousness greater than I have committed. I neer knew and neer shall cognize, a worse adult male than myself # 8221 ; ( 16 ) . In this quotation mark from Walden, we see his arrant disgust with himself. Much of Thoreau # 8217 ; s letdown in himself stemmed from his high outlooks of society and other people. These let-downs non merely made him fed up with society and the universe, but besides himself because he could non alter it ( 16 ) . Due to Thoreau # 8217 ; s low self-opinion he had wide temper swings. Excerpts from his diary show this wide contrast clearly. January 6, 1857 ; IX, 206, # 8220 ; The storms are happy, Concord is happy, and I am happy excessively, # 8221 ; This shows some credence of himself when it came to his intelligence and endowment, but his unsettled sentiment and unachievable criterions can be seen in his authorship from the really following twenty-four hours, # 8220 ; In the street and in society I am about constantly inexpensive and dissipated, my life is ineffably average # 8221 ; ( 25 ) . Thoreau, like any creative person, would torment himself through extended internal tests. These extremes of both his witting and unconscious heads make up Walden ( 25 ) . Walden is a great classic of American literature and one of two of Thoreau # 8217 ; s published pieces of literature. The other 1 is A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers. Both of these classics stress the writer # 8217 ; s love of nature and found their beginnings at Walden Pond. Thoreau has other books that are aggregation of essays, talks, assorted jaunts, and Reform Papers ( Johnson 3 ) . A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers is written about the boat trip Thoreau and his brother took on the rivers Concord and Merrimack. Thoreau began composing this after his brothers decease. Emerson is besides considered one of his inspirations for composing this book. He included much of his travel cognition, and things he read at Harvard such as pastoral supplications. His journey on the river taken with his brother is quoted in one essay, # 8220 ; # 8230 ; he therefore depicted the journey as a backdown from the small town to an good poetic universe where he and his brother achieve a closer Communion with nature # 8221 ; ( Johnson 3 ) . His two earlier jaunts were, # 8220 ; A Walk to Wachusett # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; A Winter Walk # 8221 ; which were published in the Dial. In these Hagiographas, Thoreau used this trip as a religious pursuit for spiritualty and imaginativeness. His usage of nature symbols such as mountains and rivers became prevailing cardinal characteristic in A Week. When he began utilizing his retentive memories to compose the book he used many entries from his diary. He besides used other inspirations such as a walking circuit he took in southern New England in 1848. It was at that place he dealt with the issue of the growing of the Merrimack River since 1839. Harmonizing to Johnson, # 8220 ; By the clip it was published in 1849, A Week was therefore composed of a carefully orchestrated series of jaunts through New England, at one time a pastoral kingdom, a primitive wilderness, and a bustling industrial part # 8221 ; ( 4 ) . Henry and John left Concord on Saturday, August 31, 1839 on the Musketaquid, a boat they built and gave the Indian name of the Concord River. Thoreau includes things such as what the darks were like at their campgrounds, and their extended advancement up the Merrimack River. Their river journey ended on Wednesday dark where they so walked 10 stat mis back to Concord. He mentions the tourer attractive forces they saw such as the basin and flume at Lincoln, Franconia Notch, and the old adult male of the mountains they saw from Echo Lake. He did non needfully depict these things in great item, but we can still see the personal feeling in it ( 5-6 ) . Due to Thoreau’s composite and back and forth personality, in clip, he viewed his trip as a trip of the head, spirit, and organic structure. We get this from his journal entries. In them he describes a backdown to a dateless universe, but does non overlook things and people that were along the Concord and Merrimack. He wanted to show nature and adult male as one ( 9-10 ) . A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers is one of his most nonnatural pieces of literature. Walter Harding summarizes: # 8220 ; [ Recent critics ] see the book as # 8216 ; a hunt for the sacred # 8217 ; or # 8216 ; an expounding of the nonnatural experience # 8217 ; or # 8216 ; a defence of the American Indian # 8217 ; or # 8216 ; a encomium to the Greek gods. # 8217 ; # 8221 ; ( Schneider 28 ) . The point he is seeking to do is that critics can non hold on Thoreau # 8217 ; s efforts at integrity in this book. It is agreed that the most obvious structural device he uses is that of a round journey, such as a surface fact that the brothers # 8217 ; journey began and ended in Concord. Thoreau himself says, # 8220 ; we were rowing homeward to happen some autumnal work to make, and assist the revolution of the seasons # 8221 ; ( 29 ) . Along the trip, Thoreau portrays the sights he sees and refers to plants of ocular art. We see specific images such as the landscape, the scene, and a adult male and his Canis familiaris ( Schneider 30 ) . We see the personal imagination and sense a feeling of reality through the unbelievable usage of vocabulary and description. His words are like those of an creative person depicting a picture. Another facet of Thoreau # 8217 ; s transcendental philosophy is his disconnected displacements from the yesteryear to the nowadays. He is seeking to interrupt down the differentiations between the two. Images of the forenoon, twenty-four hours, and flushing are used to portray the continuity and integrity of the yesteryear, nowadays, and the hereafter. Thoreau negotiations about the initiation of the town of Billerica, and so leaps into long essays on myths, fabrications, and legends every bit good. Sometimes he will utilize # 8220 ; I # 8221 ; and other times # 8220 ; we # 8221 ; ( 31 ) . This is all portion of the nonnatural experience. Thoreau # 8217 ; s overall subjects of life are predominant in A Week. His uninterrupted battle with lasting in the universe without selling out like the bulk of society is his most clearly seen subject. We besides see Thoreau as he tries to cover with his inquiries and battles. By usage of his transcendental philosophy, Thoreau implies that the material universe is non true, it is non # 8220 ; existent # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; significant # 8221 ; ( 34 ) . He finds much letdown in the people of society which is reflected in his ain ego sentiment. Thoreau had outlooks of happening religious truth in nature, non through it. He believed it was a symbol and that we should be able to see God ( 36 ) . These contrasting thoughts show us Thoreau # 8217 ; s agencies of screening out his confusion and concluding his ego accounts. A Week consists of thoughts on how to populate a successful and full nonnatural life by doing usage of # 8220 ; consecutive twenty-four hours journeys # 8221 ; toward # 8220 ; ageless day. # 8221 ; Thoreau saw two waies that he approved of, that of the # 8220 ; hero # 8221 ; and that of the # 8220 ; poet. # 8221 ; Schneider tells us, # 8220 ; his end was to unite the two on the nonnatural premise that the greatest life is the greatest poesy, and frailty versa # 8221 ; ( 37 ) . Thoreau used the thoughts that as a hero-poet he needed to detect that his ain personal individuality was created by his ain alone head. At the same clip he needed to recognize his head was portion of God # 8217 ; s. Thoreau says, # 8220 ; Let us roll where we will the existence is built unit of ammunition about us, and we are cardinal still. # 8221 ; This clearly shows us his nonnatural position of the universe being an extension of our heads ( 39 ) . Walden was started near to two old ages after A Week and is considered the chef-doeuvre of the two plants. There is more assurance in consolidative art and life and his positions of life are more confident. Richard Lebeaux observes, # 8220 ; By the terminal of his first twelvemonth at Walden, Thoreau had eventually succeeded in settling on and constructing a solid early grownup life construction # 8221 ; ( Schneider 45-46 ) . In Walden, Thoreau uses the same round form as in A Week, but this clip it is that Time of the twelvemonth which is paralleled by that of twenty-four hours. Most of what he writes about in Walden is based on his first twelvemonth life by the pool. Thingss such as his dark in gaol, trip to Mount Katahdin, and scientific surveies of the 2nd twelvemonth he merely touches upon. This helped to unite the book. This great integrity creates a character right in the beginning which you must go familiar with in order to understand the remainder of the book. The character is created by the foundation of the cabin on land and by the reader # 8217 ; s extension which allows for a better position of life. Thoreau is far plenty from Concord to see it objectively, but he is non wholly detached ( Schneider 47 ) . He tells us his intent for composing this book was to reply inquiries about his ain life, and as Schneider tells us, to edify pupils who are # 8220 ; intellectually hapless and unenlightened that they do non cognize how to populate # 8221 ; ( 47-48 ) . It is evident that Thoreau was concerned about the heads of his readers and their ethical motives. This presents a strong entreaty to immature people, people who believe in alteration, and even rebellious people. Walden is thought of as a book about societal protest, an autobiography, and a journey into doctrine and nature which evokes strong feelings. Stern says, # 8220 ; Walden was to be his personal testament, the kernel of all he had observed and set down in his Journal, the conveying together of everything he had felt and thought about # 8221 ; ( 7 ) . Many people look at the manner of Walden more than its content. Critic, Charles R. Anderson, thinks that the book should be read as a verse form instead than a book. He explains how it can be looked at as a web or circle. Walden Pond is in the center which represents the peaceable province for which adult male hunts. He says there are radial lines of humor taking off from the center which run across the animal life. These lines have homocentric circles which are ends of happening the perfect life or Heaven. He besides says that this circle is so tightly constructed that when any portion of it is disturbed the whole piece is effected. He feels that Walden is a great verse form that expresses the true desires of the universe and it is sad that the human race could non achieve them ( Stern 10-11 ) . There are other great techniques Thoreau includes such as his involvement in natural history, political relations, economic sciences, prose manner, mistiming, divinity, etc # 8230 ; . Many of the particular chapters are viewed critically in Walden. Some critics who believe that Walden is specifically a nature verse form think that merely those chapters refering to nature should be included. They believe # 8220 ; Economy # 8221 ; should be skipped because it deals with political relations, along with philosophical chapters such as # 8220 ; Where I lived and What I Lived for, # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Higher Laws, # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; Conclusion. # 8221 ; This belief led to Thoreau being considered a nature author and non a philosopher or literary figure, stated by Harding ( Hicks 44-45 ) . There are, nevertheless, those that believe Thoreau is non a typical nature author. He is non cunning, sentimental, proficient, or dull. He does non give lower categories of animate beings human features, but does non degrade them either. He uses humor and wit to indicate merriment at, non merely animate beings, but worlds every bit good. Walden trades with worlds populating simple lives, non merely to accept them, but to bask them every bit good. In the first chapter, Thoreau tells us that we should follow our ain manner of life and do things our ain manner instead than that of our parents. He makes us recognize the complexness of civilised life and to take our ain personal desires instead than those imposed on us by society. He tells us that we should worry more about making what is right for us and non what is right for our neighbours. For if we live for others we will discover that when it comes clip to decease we will hold lived for nil. At the terminal of his ain life Thoreau says, # 8220 ; I suppose that I have non many months to populate ; but, of class, I cognize nil about it. I may add that I am basking being every bit much as of all time, and repent nil # 8221 ; ( 47 ) . Harding Tells us it is evident that Walden is devoted to replying how we happen the kernel of life and this is seen in # 8220 ; Where I Lived and What I Lived For # 8221 ; : Our life is frittered off by item. # 8230 ; simpleness, simpleness, simpleness! # 8230 ; Let us pass one twenty-four hours as intentionally as Nature, and non be thrown off the path by every nutshell and mosquito # 8217 ; s flying that falls on the tracks ( Hicks 48 ) . Walden is besides seen as a satirical unfavorable judgment of modern life and life. The sarcastic side of Thoreau is sometimes misunderstood and he is taken excessively earnestly. Thoreau expresses much wit in this book and should non be taken rather so earnestly. Hick tells us, Thoreau expresses his humor and wit through the usage of literary devices such as, # 8220 ; wordplaies, exaggeration, slapstick, jeer, lampoon, and burlesque # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( 50 ) . Most of his wit is pointed at society and establishments which Thoreau believed could utilize reform. A good illustration of this: We are eager to burrow under the Atlantic and convey the Old World some hebdomads nearer to the New ; but perchance the first intelligence that will leak through into the wide, flapping American ear will be that the Princess Adelaide has the whooping cough ( Hicks 50-51 ) . This is a perfect illustration of the manner people are in society when it comes to their precedences and their involvement in the personal businesss of others. Thoreau is indicating merriment at how people would be more interested in chitchat than any significant information. Walden is looked upon as an improbably written literary chef-doeuvre. It is said that he wrote the first Modern American prose. Walden is abstractly written with each well constructed paragraph, line, and sentence falling nicely into topographic point together. The rhythms of escapades take topographic point in one twelvemonth. Each chapter in the book has its ain set topographic point. The religious and everyday chapters are carefully alternated. # 8220 ; Higher Laws # 8221 ; is followed by # 8220 ; Brute Neighbors. # 8221 ; The practical is followed by the philosophical with # 8220 ; Economy # 8221 ; so # 8220 ; Where I Lived # 8230 ; . # 8221 ; The carnal chapter is followed by the human one where # 8220 ; Winter Visitors # 8221 ; is followed by # 8220 ; Winter Animals. # 8221 ; Chapters that are following to each other are tied together by contrast such as # 8220 ; Solitude # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; Visitors. # 8221 ; Some are tied together chronologically such as # 8220 ; The Pond in Winter # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; Spring. # 8221 ; The three major expository chapters, # 8220 ; Economy, # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Higher Laws, # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; Conclusion, # 8221 ; are strategically placed in the beginning, in-between, and terminal. Harding Tells us Walden contains 423 good structured, long paragraphs. Thoreau uses a device known as # 8220 ; flood tide stoping # 8221 ; ( Hicks 53 ) , where the last sentence carries the paragraph a small farther and beyond what it is stating. The paragraphs are independent, but can non be moved without damaging the full work. Thoreau besides utilizations unbelievable and complex vocabulary with words such as ; # 8220 ; # 8230 ; integument, shady, faint, nutriment, fluviatile, and periplus. # 8221 ; ( Hicks 54 ) . A dictionary is required merely to read the book. Thoreau besides alludes to Greek Gods, Biblical phrases, he quotes other poets, and alludes or refers to earlier authorization figures in history or antediluvian classics ( 51-54 ) . Yet another manner to look at Walden is on a religious degree. A major thesis of Thoreau is a religious metempsychosis and this is more apparent in, # 8220 ; Economy, # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Where I Lived # 8230 ; , # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Higher Laws, # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; Conclusion. # 8221 ; This is why Walden has become a religious guidebook to many ( Hicks 55 ) . Thoreau shows us that we need to pass more clip breaking ourselves than inventing agencies of destructing the remainder of the universe. We non merely see the reclamation psyche, but the Earth every bit good ( 55 ) . All these parts, thoughts and constructs conceive our ain beliefs about the stuff which we read and the writer who writes it. Thoreau was a complex adult male in hunt of religious peace and felicity while combating his ain personal battle. It was his disgust of society and the universe around him which led to his ain negative self-opinion. While this was an unhealthy attitude it contributed to some of Thoreau # 8217 ; s best pieces of literature. Bibliography Plants Consulted # 8220 ; Background behind Walden # 8221 ; . [ Online ] Available hypertext transfer protocol: //umsa.umd.edu/thoreau/walden.html. ( 29 Nov. 97 ) Buhl, Niels. Henry David Thoreau ( 1817-1862 ) On the Duty of Civil Disobedience. [ Online ] Available httpH//www.math.ku.de/~buhl/Library/Thoreau.html. ( 29 Nov. 97 ) . Harding, Walter. The Days of Henry Thoreau: A Biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. , 1966. Hicks, John H, et al. , explosive detection systems. Thoreau in Our Season. Massachusetts: The University of Massachusetts Press, 1966. Johnson, Linck C, erectile dysfunction. Thoreau # 8217 ; s Complex Weave: The Writing of A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia, 1986. # 8220 ; The Life of Henry David Thoreau # 8221 ; . [ Online ] Available hypertext transfer protocol: //umsa.umd.edu/thoreau/history.html ( 29 Nov. 97 ) . McMichael, George, et al. , explosive detection systems. Anthology of American Literature Volume I: Colonial Through Romantic Sixth Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1997. Meltzer, Milton. Thoreau: Peoples, Principles, and Politics. New York: Hill and Wang, 1963. Schneider, Richard J. Henry David Thoreau. Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers, 1987. Van Doren Stern, Philip, erectile dysfunction. The Annotated Walden: Walden ; or, Life in the Woods. By Henry D. Thoreau. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc. , 1970.

Copywriter QA Getting Social With Dana Robinson - The Writers For Hire

COPYWRITER QA: GETTING SOCIAL WITH DANA ROBINSON Our resident social media guru Dana Robinson has provided businesses with blog and social media content for nearly a decade. Her career much like a social campaign or Instagram account grew organically, starting with newsletter and blog and social content for a single nonprofit client. Today, she manages blogs and social media campaigns for a variety of businesses. For this installment of Copywriter QA, we asked Dana to share some of her tips, strategies, and best practices. A few key takeaways: do your homework when it comes to choosing a management platform, and make sure you have a rock-solid social media policy in place. TWFH: For many companies, the most challenging part of social media is staying organized. Do you have any recommendations for management tools? DR: With social, there’s no â€Å"one-size-fits-all† solution. In general, the best platform depends on things like your goals and the size of your company. For small and medium sized businesses Hootsuite and Sprout Social are good choices: They’re affordable, and they’re a great starting point if you only need a handful of users for one or two platforms. On the other end, you have â€Å"enterprise tools† like Hubspot that are more appropriate if you’ve got 10 platforms and 100 users. The price point is quite different, too: An enterprise tool will cost $1,100 to $1,200 per month. Something like Hootsuite starts at $20. My advice is to do research on different platforms. Look at the price point, the number of users allowed, and the available features. Shop around based on what you’re trying to do. If you’re trying to grow a following, your platform needs to help you search for influencers. Or maybe you want a tool to help suggest content for sharing. They don’t all do those things. If you’re managing social media for multiple clients, you need something that has a robust client management support. If your main goal is to engage with your current audience or customer base, you need a good scheduling tool to make sure you’re reaching the right people at the right time with the right content. TWFH: Speaking of â€Å"the right content,† how do you figure out what, exactly, that is? How do you ensure that you’re driving traffic and creating engaging content? DR: I use algorithms to find out what keywords are trending. Answerthepublic.com is fantastic. You can type in something like, â€Å"downtown Houston† and it’ll give you all these fabulous ideas. It gives you the exact keywords so potential readers will find you.   Ã‚   You also have to know what works and what doesn’t. Sometimes, it’s trial and error; putting out a couple of different kinds of content and see what your customers are reacting to. Once you know that, give them more of that. Knowing when to say â€Å"no† to content is also a strategy. That’s a way to lose your audience: If six times out of ten, your content is something they’re not interested in, they’re going to stop paying attention. TWFH: What about reaching the â€Å"right people† on social media? How can you identify them and make sure you’re speaking to them directly? DR: This is another reason that you should have a good social media management tool. You want to choose a tool that offers good analytics; something that lets you extract the data and see who is interacting with your content and even when they’re interacting with it. This is especially important if your company has a marketing department you can use the data to sort users into groups and work hand-in-hand with marketing and develop content that appeals to each group. And a good calendar tool can help you deliver that content at right time. TWFH: Is there anything you try to avoid in social media campaigns? DR: I’d say to keep politics out of it. Also, social is very meme-heavy, and you have to be careful with that. Sometimes as a social media manager, you can think something is funny and put it out there and then find that it wasn’t perceived the way you meant it. My advice: Take a moment and ask, â€Å"Will this have good purpose if we post it?† In general, smaller businesses have a bit more freedom in this area: since the company is more closely tied to one owner or a few specific people; there’s more of a personal relationship there. But larger business really have to â€Å"stick to the script† social media is an extension of their advertising. All posts should be heavily researched and approved by your marketing department. TWFH: And what about employees and social media? How can companies make sure that everyone in the company not just marketing is sticking to the script where social media is concerned? DR: While your employee base can be wonderful tool, you also want to have fairly good control over how and where they use it. The last thing you want is someone from your company doing something on social media that damages your company’s brand or reputation or reveals trade secrets. Part of this can be eliminated by only allowing a couple of people the ability to post on your behalf. And of course, you need a social media policy. In the event that you can’t control what an employee does on social, you’ll at least have legal recourse. Your policy should be very specific, and it needs to be in writing. You should have your employees sign something, and even provide a half-day training session on your social media policy. You also need to provide training on company image and customer service. We’ve all seen what can happen when a customer has a negative experience. TWFH: Right, because you also have to think about how your customers are using social media. DR: Customers have phones in their pocket, and they can record a negative interaction and post it to YouTube. Everyone remembers seeing that doctor getting dragged off of that United flight. People are going to remember things like that and they’re not going to remember that expensive ad campaign you spent six months developing. This is why customer service has never been more important: TWFH: Are there any legal issues companies should be aware of when developing a social campaign? DR: Copyright laws. If you were to only ever post original content and images content that belongs to your company, you’d be safe. But no one does that everyone gets caught up in sharing social content. So you need to be aware of copyright laws and rules about attribution and permission. For example, if you’re using images from web sources, you always need to read license restrictions even if it’s labeled â€Å"Creative Commons.† A lot of people see Creative Commons and think, â€Å"Okay, I can use this.† But there are different licensing levels even within Creative Commons. Some of my favorite sites for images are Pixabay and Flickr. You can find great images, but they don’t all the same license. You absolutely have to read the license restrictions on each image to see if you have permission to use it and what kind of attribution is required. You also have to be careful with Instagram. On Instagram, all images are assumed to be proprietar y. So if you post an image to Instagram, it’s presumed to be owned by you. If it’s not your image, you need to have permission to use it. Another legal issue that’s kind of new: If your company does sponsored posts or works with influencers, you have to be aware of disclosure laws. The FTC has cracked down on those recently. Ads have to disclose themselves. That was not always the case, but it is now. So, for example, if an influencer is advertising your product they have to say, â€Å"This was given to me for free,† or they have to explain how they benefit from the sale of your product.

What to See in Texas for Architecture Enthusiast

What to See in Texas for Architecture Enthusiast Denison, Texas, on the border with Oklahoma, would have remained a sleepy little railroad town if it hadnt been for Dwight David Eisenhower being born there. The Eisenhower Birthplace State Historic Site is just one of the many out-of-the-way places to visit in Texas.The home state of former Presidents Bush and Bush (father and son) has a lot more than oil and cattle fields. For travelers who are architecture enthusiasts, heres a selection of historic buildings and innovative new construction in Texas. Visiting Houston The Transco Tower, the 1983 landmark skyscraper designed by Philip Johnson, is now known as the Williams Tower, the tallest skyscraper in town. Another skyscraper designed by Johnson and his partner  John Burgee is the building now known as the Bank of America Center, a 1984 example of playful postmodernism. Houston has historic skyscrapers from the 1920s and a Hilton designed by Pritzker Laureate I.M. Pei. NRG (Reliant) Park, including the Houston Astrodome and Reliant Stadium, is the place to see the worlds first domed sports stadium. Rice University Stadium on the campus of Rice University remains one of the best examples of a modern, open-air football arena. Visiting Dallas – Fort Worth Big D architecture is historic, cultural, and truly an American melting pot experience. The Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge over the Trinity River was designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava. Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas helped designed a fully adaptable, modern theatre space called the Dee and Charles Wyly Theatre. In 2009 the British architect Sir Norman Foster created a high-tech, traditional venue for the Arts District when he designed the Winspear Opera House. Chinese-American I.M. Pei designed Dallas City Hall. The Perot Museum of Nature and Science was designed by another Pritzker-winner, American architect Thom Mayne.   The George W. Bush Presidential Library was designed by postmodernist architect Robert A.M. Stern. Frank Lloyd Wrights last home constructed before his death was the John A. Gillin House, but that is not Wrights only mark on Dallas - the Kalita Humphreys Theater, also known as the Dallas Theater Center, was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, who reportedly said, This building will one day mark the spot where Dallas once stood. History swirls near Dealey Plaza as the place in Dallas where President John Kennedy was assassinated; Philip Johnson designed the JFK Memorial. Outside activities in Dallas can revolve around the Dallas Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas - or any number of activities in the historic art deco buildings at Fair Park. Multi-cultural artist Volf Roitman brought a new style of art to Dallas, an international movement known as MADI (Movement Abstraction Dimension  Invention). Its bold geometric forms are on display at the Museum of Geometric and MADI Art.   The MADI is the only museum dedicated to MADI art and the primary point of focus for the MADI movement in the United  States. Pronounced mah-DEE, MADI is a modern art movement known for bright colors and bold geometric forms. In architecture, sculpture, and painting, MADI art uses abundant circles, waves, spheres, arches, spirals, and stripes. MADI ideas are also expressed in poetry, music, and dance. Playful and exuberant, MADI art focuses on objects rather than what they mean. The whimsical combinations of shapes and colors are abstract and free of symbolic meanings. Bill and Dorothy Masterson, lifelong supporters of the arts, were fascinated when artist Volf Roitman introduced them to the colorful and exuberant MADI movement. The Mastersons became avid collectors of MADI art works and spent time with the movements founder, Carmelo Arden Quin. When Mr. Mastersons law firm moved to a 1970s storefront building, the Mastersons decided to convert the first floor into an art museum and gallery devoted to MADI art. The building faà §ade, designed by Volf Roitman, became a celebration of MADI with geometric forms laser-cut out of galvanized, cold-rolled steel and powder coated in bright colors. The colorful panels are permanently bolted to the existing building. Roitmans convex-concave shapes and playful designs created a luscious, almost baroque skin for the once plain, two-story building. The landscape, furnishings, and lighting also reflect Roitmans MADI-ist ideas. Visiting San Antonio The Alamo. Youve heard the phrase, Remember the Alamo. Now visit the building where the infamous battle took place. The Spanish Mission also helped to give rise to the Mission Style of home design. La Villita Historical District is an original Spanish settlement, bustling with shops and artisan studios. San Antonio Missions. Missions San Jose, San Juan, Espada, and Concepcion were built over the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. Spanish Governors Palace. Constructed in 1749, the building was the Governors Place when San Antonio was the capital of Texas. Visiting College Station George Bush Library, Presidential Library of the forty-first President of the United StatesCollege of Architecture, Texas A M UniversityThe Texas AM Bonfire Memorial: A memorial stands where once twelve students lost their lives and many more were injured as they built a Bonfire before a football game. Learn about a tradition gone wrong. Also in Texas You cannot go inside these privately owned homes, but Texas is filled with interesting residences worthy of drive-by photography: Amarillo: Sterling Kinney House by Frank Lloyd WrightBunker Hill: William L. Thaxton Jr. House by Frank Lloyd Wright Plan Your Texas Itinerary For tours of historic Texas architecture, visit the National Register of Historic Places. Youll find maps, photographs, historical information, and travel recommendations. Source Photo of the MADI Museum and Gallery Building at Dusk  © Volf Roitman

From Sixth Grade to the Shoe Factory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

From Sixth Grade to the Shoe Factory - Essay Example It appears morally deficient that he should be expected to begin working at lesser pay than an adult, but the benefits outweigh the immediate costs. His financial contribution to his family and his own savings are much more helpful than continuing to go to school and depriving himself and his family of the 180,000 pesos a week that benefit the greater whole. This is wise, and a morally valid decision on the part of his family. However, Vicente is robbed of his childhood as well as his potential to develop intellectually which could lead to far better paying jobs. Nonetheless, this cannot be proven. The primary moral violation is that he is exposed to toxic glues and thus his health condition suffers. His employer should be responsible for ensuring the factory does not hurt Vicente’s health, as they are not only harming a human life but also could cripple their own workforce. On the whole, the factory should ensure that zorritas are safe and healthy by seeking alternative produ cts or insisting that the producers of the glue do something about their own product’s safety, as these will likely have long-term effects on the zorritas that will lead to poor health, reduced income, and harm to their families.

Bronze Mirrors of Ancient Chinese Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bronze Mirrors of Ancient Chinese Art - Essay Example In the beginning, bronze mirrors had a very low and rough quality. However, during the Warring States, Western and Eastern Han dynasties, these mirrors qualities had improved considerably. Like its glass counterpart, the bronze mirror is smoothly polished on one side to reflect the image of its user. The other side is decorated with inscriptions and adorned with carvings, thus turning it into a valuable art object. During the time of the Warring States, the mirror had a ring of decorations such as animal masks, dragons or flowers. When the Western Han phase begun the mirror became thicker with supernatural beings and geometric patterns. Apart from pictures, the mirrors were also beginning to contain inscribed words which stated emotions like "keep me in mind, forget me not." By the 10th century this mirror's shape began to change. It could be round or oblong and also be with or without handles. Bronze mirrors were found in the tombs of individuals living in Ancient China. These mirrors were said to represent love for the Chinese living in those times. As a love token, these mirrors were buried in tombs to ensure that the love was carried on in the afterworld. The belief held by the people of Ancient China meant that there a life in the hereafter. The soul was believed to live on after death. However, the trip to the afterlife meant that the dead would have to drink a potion. This potion was responsible for making them forget the memories of their lifetime. Couples who wished to remain together were buried with a half of the mirror. When they entered the afterworld, they would meet and match their mirrors. This allowed them to live their lives together. Thus, the bronze mirror was a symbol of love which allowed devoted couples to remain together during their lifetime and the love to prevail in the hereafter. The bronze mirror has been found in tombs and graves of many of those belonging to the Ancient Chinese civilization. This is because the mirror did not symbolize love alone. Some mirrors have been placed on top of burial chambers or at the four corners of a coffin. With placing like this it is evident that the mirror is sought to provide protection to those under it. The mirror was viewed as a spiritual entity. It was thought to assume a power that could ward of danger. Thus, by placing it on gravesites and tombs, those living in Ancient China hoped to discard and remove evil spirits that might threaten or endanger their paths. Another feature of the mirror was its ability to differentiate the corrupt from the honest. This was especially so because of the number of officials who worked in the Imperial courts in Ancient China. These individuals would be dishonest and create a deterrent for the ruling King to be successful. An Ancient Chinese myth claimed that the mirror could show the true divinity of the soul. While it was not helpful in removing the fraudulent officials of court, it was still held with the greatest regard by the people of the time. Thus, the mirror was also viewed as an object that did not merely reflect the physical image of its looker but also the spiritual essence of his soul. It was responsible for showing not only the faults of the gazer but also the knowledge he possessed. The mirror was felt to see the individual in their entirety. Bronze mirrors are found in various museums today and are a valued item

Drug Addiction a Disease of the Brain Research Paper

Drug Addiction a Disease of the Brain - Research Paper Example On the other hand, the other side of the debate seeks to explain drug addiction by way of verifiable/measurable proof to label it as an actual disease. This brief analysis will attempt to provide the reader with a better understanding of both of these arguments, how they relate to the issue of drug abuse/addiction, and which of the two may be better in helping to explain the societal problems that are born from drug use/abuse. The first position which will be examined in this analysis will attempt to understand the views within the medical community with regards to the role that willpower plays in helping patients to overcome and continue to remain drug free. In expounding upon this view, the first article which was reviewed, Jacobsen’s â€Å"Theories Of Addiction: Methamphetamine Users' Explanations For Continuing Drug Use And Relapse â€Å", helps to paint the picture for why willpower in and of itself can often be the best means towards leading the user towards sobriety. With regards to treating drug abuse as a breakdown/failure of will, there are few options which the author puts forward. As such, the author attempts to quantify and lay out a framework for how willpower can be exorcised to help the drug user successfully quit their addiction. Although helpful in understanding one of the prime mechanisms by which the drug user can put away their habits, such an approach is simplistic and does not consider the physical dependence that is exhibited within many drug addicts (Caitlin et al 296). The fact of the matter is that drug addiction can be viewed as a function of time. For instance, the willpower model that has been mentioned may well work when the potential drug user is first presented with the opportunity to take drugs for the first time. In this way, a strong sense of will power and/or self assertion and presence of mind could keep the individual drug free in any given circumstance; however, once the individual has made the willful step to in gest, smoke, snort, or otherwise take drugs, there is often little that can be done to attempt to reclaim a sense of moral fortitude. It is important to note that this is not to say that the drug user is somehow inhuman and beyond help. There doubtless are many cases in which the drug user has come to a sense of realization and has decided that they must put away drugs in order to preserve their own life and happiness (as well as the life and happiness of their family and loved ones) (Miller 16). Unfortunately, this is not the norm. Rather, addiction is usually typified by a selfish need/satisfaction matrix. Rather than being aware of basic human emotions that are driven by a sense of shame and the need to use willpower over an issue in order to fix it, the user/abuser oftentimes is completely unaware of such logic as they are chemically bound to seeking the next high. As such, any across the board statements with relation to how the individual should simply realize that they are de pendent and exert a sense of willpower over the vice as a means of bettering their own life is patently short-sighted. In this way, a more complete and differentiated approach to dealing with and understanding drug abuse is necessary to work to assuage the problem. The second approach with which this brief analysis will consider

The Development of Lesbian and Queer Theory in America

The Development of Lesbian and Queer Theory in America An Examination of the Advancement of Lesbian Theory Criticism –  America: 1950’s-1990’s. Introduction Lesbianism in American society is a concept imbued with social, political, legal, aesthetic and literary codes and conventions, whether considered in 1950 or currently. In the past half century, lesbianism has not only expressed itself as specific articulations of sexuality and lifestyle, but also of ideology and political aspiration. Sexuality has remained essential to conceptualisations of lesbianism in this time span, with its political formulations, societal censures, and social accommodations anchored to the vicissitudes of feminist theory and practice. American social and political morays which have prescribed female functionality in post World War Two years, have cast mainstream female identity in terms of motherhood, wifeliness and domesticity, a formulation of personhood deeply challenged by advancing lesbian ideology and praxis. In this light, one of the significant threads of lesbian theory and criticism to be evaluated pertains to feminism’s examination of female identity in the past 50 years, and the status and reaction of lesbianism within this paradigm. This process encompasses events and issues pertaining to the biological, sexual and social validation of female gender, but also the intellectual development of modes of discourse pertaining to feminism and lesbianism, as a means of female empowerment, paralleled by considered or reactionary responses to wider societal trends. So called second wave feminism, benchmarked by the Stonewall Riots at Greenwich Village in New York in 1969, targeted women’s liberation not only at the level of law, and concrete denotations of inequality and injustice, (akin to feminism’s first wave), but at the more visceral level of societal and political attitudes and values, including the ideological decoupling of female personhood from male sexuality. Since the early 1990’s, the ideological and theoretical formulations of lesbianism have been advancing in disparate lines, at the bidding of post-structuralist or postmodernist discourses. Some of lesbianism’s intellectual impulses have focused upon notions of sexual and personal identity, and in spite of their intellectual sophistication have lost their momentum and coherence, collapsing into an â€Å"ambiguous polymorphy,†[1] whilst attempting to dispense with unhelpful binary oppositional definitions of gender or sexuality. Conversely, an intellectual strength of third wave feminism and post 1980’s lesbian criticism has been the attention to personhood, the integrity of the self and the integration of public and private moralities. Chapter 1 Homosexuality after World War I was broadly viewed as â€Å"an offence against the family and social expectations about gender.†[2] A doctor’s post World War 1 contemporary observations noted that it was â€Å"improper to utter the word homosexuality, prurient to admit its existence and pornographic to discuss the subject.†[3] The same doctor reflects the radical difference between American and European cultural and sexual values, implying that while Europe was perceived by Americans as decadent, European novels could discuss homosexuality openly within a European setting, yet American novels could not, since â€Å"if it existed at all, (as) our soil is unfavourable, our climate prejudicial, our people too primitive, too pure.†[4] Furthermore, Fone contends that homosexuality had come to be seen as a â€Å"subversion of America itself.† [5] Fone also observes that since war is a â€Å"time of fear and upheaval-it produces a virulent, xenophobic str ain of homophobia† tantamount to conceiving â€Å"sexual difference as a betrayal of American values†.[6] Retrospectively implicit among these anecdotal pre World War II dismissals of homosexuality, is the notable silence concerning any distinction between male and female homosexuality, or gay and lesbian sexual phenomenon. The grip of patriarchy was so overarching that lesbianism did not even feature as a notable offence against social sensibilities. Be that as it may. The social discourse regarding lesbianism in the 1950’s was in part a response to the repositioning of women due to World War II. As war demanded heightened US defences and reconstituted the nation’s labour force, women formed the Women’s Army Corps (WAC) and were seconded to non-traditional jobs, accounting for one third of the work force. According to Kennedy and Davis, â€Å"World War II had a tremendous impact on lesbian life, by offering lesbians more opportunities for socialising and meeting other women.†[7] Since the war â€Å"gave more independence to all women†¦ lesbians (were) more like other women and less easy to identify. Since all women were able to wear pants to work and to purchase them in stores off the rack, butches who only wore pants in the privacy of their home in the 1930s could now wear them on the streets.†[8] Furthermore, in Buffalo women gained access to better jobs since productivity was heightened by war manufacturing. Since the male population of Buffalo was denuded for military service, lesbians had greater liberty to meet in public and pursue active social lives beyond hearth and home. Extensive social life revolved around â€Å"the proliferation of gay bars†[9] and despite the â€Å"mere presence of homosexuals†¦interpreted by the State Liquor Authority as constituting disorderly conduct†,[10] raids on premises were minimal in the 1940’s due to the shrewdness of business owners.[11] Concurrently, enlisted lesbians found a social space within the male world of military service since enrolment screening practices for lesbians entering the (WAC) were less stringent than for gay men.[12] In this example, the lack of status for women in the military prior to the war resulted in ill-defined screening procedures for women recruits, matched by a choice to not investigate the sexual lives of women, as the goal was to optimise the war effort.[13] The simplistic and binary designations of sexual orientation in the late 1940’s are noted by the comments from â€Å"a group of Marine Corps examiners at Camp LeJeune (who) advised their colleagues, â€Å"that women showing a masculine manner may be perfectly normal sexually and excellent military material.†[14] By the late 1940’s however, â€Å"purging of lesbians from the military became increasingly problematic. Many women were forced to deny knowing any of their friends or marry gay men to pass as heter osexual.†[15] Ominously, â€Å"mid 1950’s Navy officials secretly acknowledged that the homosexual discharge rate had become much higher for the female than the male.† [16] When the end of the war brought a resumption of traditional family roles, there were no alternate social prescriptions for women apart from marriage, and enduring singleness subjected females to social disapproval, while the â€Å"aggressive harassment of lesbians and gays was connected to this glorification of the nuclear family and domestic sphere.Homophobia became a way of reinstituting male dominance and strict gender roles that had been disrupted by the war.†[17] The 1950’s remained a social and political milieu of â€Å"severe oppression,†[18] yet Roosevelt suggests the reduced harassment of gay bar culture and the desire of public lesbians to reach out to other lesbians, marked a â€Å"significant transformation in lesbian consciousness.† [19] The emergence of tough butch lesbian sub-culture in the 1950’s, was, according to Roosevelt, a consequence of gay bar life and working class female job creation during World War II.[20] Nonetheless, â€Å"alcohol, insecurity, and repression, in combination with the tough butch image, made fights among tough and rough lesbians a prominent part of the 1950s landscape which increased concern and attention from the larger culture.† [21] Furthermore, the prominence of lesbians and male homosexuals holding positions within the American government agencies in the 1950’s was a matter of growing consternation, in light of the neo-conservatism and right wing extremism of this period. The political tirade against ‘un-American activities typified by the McCarthy led Senate committee inquiries and public hearings, not only felt virtue was found in the purging of communist allegiances and sentiments, but also coupled homosexuality and lesbianism with such perceived political aberrations. Politically enshrined deviance was aligned with sexually defined deviance. The 1950 congressional record addressed homosexuals in government, with congressman Miller of Nebraska addressing the House of Representatives. In an excerpt, Miller stated, â€Å"I would like to strip the fetid, stinking flesh off of this skeleton of homosexuality and tell my colleagues of the House some of the facts of nature†¦ Recently the spotlight of publicity has been focused not only upon the State Department but upon the Department of Commerce because of homosexuals being employed in these and other departments of Government. Recently Mr. Peurifoy, of the State Department, said he had allowed 91 individuals in the State Department to resign because they were homosexuals. Now they are like birds of a feather, they flock together. Where did they go? You must know what a homosexual is. It is amazing that in the Capital City of Washington we are plagued with such a large group of those individuals. Washington attracts many lovely folks. The sex crimes in the city are many.†[22] Miller went on to refer to the Sex Pervert Bill passed through Congress that he authored, exposing his jaundiced view of sexuality by alluding to the peril of homosexuals, as well as the ‘concession’ that â€Å"some of them are more to be pitied than condemned, because in many it is a pathological condition, very much like the kleptomaniac who must go out and steal.†[23] In addition to the homophobic cringe mentality epitomising the 1950’s which also applied to lesbianism, viewing any form of non-heterosexual sex as non-normative and therefore aberrant, prior to 2003, homosexuality (and by extension lesbianism), was â€Å"considered a disease, a sin (and) a threat to public order.†[24] Further reasons why lesbianism was shunned by American mainstream society in the 1950’s concerns the belief that (in the absence of research to the contrary), sexual orientation was subject to change and able to be transferred.[25] As such, a threat or fear existed that there was the possibility of an epidemic conversion from heterosexual to, homosexual, yielding a perceived need to ‘protect’ heterosexuals. Since homosexuals and lesbians were perceived to be engaging in indulgent, wayward and aberrant sexual behaviour by choice, rather than by predisposition, the persecution and stigmatization they received was not viewed as a breach o f fundamental human rights. [26] Furthermore, another potent reason for the social and political aversion to lesbianism was the belief that heterosexual minors could become homosexual by way of seduction, justifying the protection of children and youth by means of criminal law.[27] Amnesty International’s recent statement addressing the decriminalisation of homosexuality globally, demonstrates that third wave feminist ideological battles (discussed later) are far from won. The paper makes the observation that â€Å"far fewer countries explicitly criminalise lesbianism than male homosexuality†¦ as there (already) exists a raft of legislation to limit, police and control womens sexual autonomy. (The writers’ explanation that), lesbianism is not generally subject to legal sanctions may be attributed to the absence of women from the public sphere and the resulting absence of awareness of lesbianism.†[28] This social invisibility[29] of lesbianism leads to some lawmakers denying that it even exists. Miller’s attitudes not only exposed the entrenched criminalisation of homosexuality (and by association lesbianism), but the second social contrivance of lesbianism which coalesced in American culture in the 1950’s, namely its ‘medicalisation’, framing lesbianism as a social pathogen, rather than an issue of sexual difference and diversity, when compared with heterosexuality or monogamy. Such a pathological casting of lesbianism is foreseen in pre-1950’s homophobic stereotypes, where psychic differences between homosexuals and heterosexuals were fabricated – constructing the homosexual male as a deficit being without â€Å"will power, perseverance, and dogmatic energy.†[30] These social postulations of male effeminacy merely mirrored manifestations of female ‘masculinisation,’ such as the butch bar working class lesbian sub-culture, already identified. Instead of current societal emphasis upon diversity and difference, the 1950’s construction of lesbianism underscored deficit and deviance. Roosevelt draws attention to psychiatrists Henry Gay duplicitous motives. Whilst formulating a committee for the Study of Sex Variants in the 1940’s, compiling case histories of over 300 lesbians, producing ‘Sex Variants: A Study of Homosexual Patters’, with the pretext of decriminalising lesbianism, in actuality, the hidden agenda was to legitimise the psychiatry profession, and as a consequence, medicalise lesbianism, merely replacing one construct of deviance with another. [31] Lesbianism remained an immoral practice in the USA until Illinois led the change with its homosexuality decriminalisation law in 1961.[32] Prior to this time, â€Å"criminologists of the 1950’s depicted lesbian inmates as menacing social types which lead to a conflation between women’s prisons and lesbianism.†[33] The shift to greater surveillance of lesbianism in women’s prisons was reflected in â€Å"U.S. popular and political culture in magazines, pulp no vels, and movies where the, previously, comic and benign lesbian gave way to the dangerously aggressive lesbian criminal. By the 1950’s the term ‘women’s prison’ was synonymous with lesbian aggression,†[34]casting sexuality as a potential signifier of membership of a â€Å"criminal underworld, losing class, race, and privilege.† [35]Such pulp novels as those published by Ann Weldy under the pseudonym Ann Bannon, included ‘Odd Girl Out’, (1957); ‘I Am a Woman (In Love With a Woman Why Must Society Reject Me’?) (1959); ‘Women in The Shadows’, (1959);‘Journey to a Woman’ (1960) and ‘The Marriage’, (1960); and Beebo Brinker (1962), the prequel to the first four books.[36] The social limitations of same-gender sexuality identification are evident in the narrative outcomes of these early lesbian pulp fiction titles. â€Å"It was expected that the characters in a lesbian novel would ne ver receive any satisfaction from a lesbian relationship. One or both usually ended up committing suicide, going insane, or leaving the relationship.† Describing the 1950’s as the hey-day of Lesbian Pulp Fiction, Bianco noted that while its boom was inspired mainly by publishers pitching successfully to straight males seeking titillation, oppressed lesbians found a private outlet and psychic survival through such writings denied them publicly by the censoriousness of 1950’s repressive American culture. Bianco noted the publicist’s irony, since while â€Å"cover art of pulp novels always depicted ultra-feminine women, the ‘real’ lesbians in the stories were often tomboys or ‘bad girls’ who seduced innocent straight women. Reflecting psychological theories of the time, lesbian pulp writers often presented lesbianism as the result of a trauma, such as rape or incest. At the end, the innocent straight woman almost always returned to a ‘normal’ life with a man. If the lesbian protagonist wasnt herself converted to heterosexuality, she usually became an alcoholic, lost her job, or committed suicide. Publishers insisted on these kinds of moral endings, condemning lesbian sexuality even while exploiting it. In this regard, lesbian pulps followed the formula of torment and sacrifice.†[37] As such, lurid and socially shunned fictionalisations of alternate sexuality merely reinforced the ethical and moral mainstream fabric of neo-conservative American culture. Anne Bannon, as she was publicly known, reputedly led a double life, a wife and mother who frequented lesbian bars on weekends in Greenwich Village, and strikingly only disclosed her authorship of her lesbian pulp fiction novels in the 1980’s, over two decades after they were published. In the view of Bianco, her works made a significant contribution to lesbian identity in the decade prior to ‘Stonewall’.[38] Theoretical perspectives on lesbian and alternate sexuality critical to the exploration of emerging critical paradigms of lesbianism in America in the second half of the twentieth century, do not merely address the enduring and at times overwhelming dialectical tension between mainstream heterosexual ideology and homosexual reaction; but the internal dialectic within the gay community and how it evolved and responded to dimensions of itself throughout this passage of social history. The butch/fem dialectic itself illustrates the politics of sex and psychology. An increase in sexual experimentation and practices, saw a sub-cultural practice emerge, whereby butch/ fem lesbian couples assumed strictly defined roles, the ‘stone butch untouchable’ finding sexual pleasure exclusively through giving pleasure to her fem, while the fem forbidden to reciprocate, was positioned within the codes of the relationship to only receive pleasure. While some critiqued this relational dynam ic as a mere imitation of conventional masculine approaches to sex, others identified in butches â€Å"a discomfort of being (physically) touched rooted in their biology.There was also much importance placed on role distinction, an unwanted vulnerability involved in mutual lovemaking, the butch ego, and the butch’s ambivalence toward her female body. In the 1950s, Fems approached sexuality from a self-centred perspective†¦and lesbians who would not select a role, but changed roles,were derisively referred to as KiKis or AC/DC and were viewed with suspicion by other working-class lesbians.†[39] That Butches apparently disliked switching roles, imposed such rigid relational rules and maintained such static notions of sexual identity, indicated that the delineation of sexual identity within this specific lesbian subculture, was just as restrictive and jaundiced a stance as the homophobic predilections of the 1950’s heterosexual community in general. The paraly zing dialectic of shame and shamelessness which more contemporary feminists have used to identify heterosexual impediments in the slow march towards sexual liberation[40] is alive in the politics of sex and identity psychology played out in the binary relations of 1950’s butch/fem lesbianism. While many look to the Stonewall Riots at Greenwich Village New York as the defining moment for the empowerment of the modern Gay and Lesbian Liberation Movement, others trace the serious beginnings to 1951 in Los Angeles. In the 1950’s gay protest remained largely â€Å"bland, apologetic, unassertive and defensive†¦(relying) upon ‘experts’- psychiatrists, and psychoanalysts, lawyers, theologians†¦who spoke about us, to us, and at us, but never with us.† [41] By 1961, the Homophile Movement, represented in the US by a mere half dozen organizations, yet by 1969, numbering fifty or sixty such proactive bodies. The origins of the Stonewall Riots have their foundation in the â€Å"immigrant, working class neighbourhoods of New York†¦(where) gay sexuality was very much in and of the streets†¦due in part to the economic and spatial limitations of the tenements. Enclaves of lesbians interacted with their gay male counterparts, congregating in the speakeasies, tearooms and drag balls of Harlem and Greenwich Village during the 1920’s.†[42] Furthermore, Greenwich Village’s â€Å"bohemian life tolerated sexual experimentation which conferred upon the area an embryonic stature of erotica unbound†¦lesbian and gay clubs in the Village were founded on the ‘Personality Clubs’ of the bohemian intelligentsia.†[43] Writers commonly view Greenwich as a social space freed from the normal â€Å"social constraints† of modern life, a â€Å"sexual free- zone† and a homosexual Mecca for predominantly white homosexuals, as Harlem was for black p eople.[44] The anonymity of the city had become accessible to post war military linked Americans, and the semi public spaces of night cafà © and bar cultures, served to straddle the psychological and spatial divide between the privacy, domesticity and intimacy of the home, and the disclosure and defiance of public morality played out in the Greenwich domain. As Munt suggests, this cultural transition captured in Lesbian Pulp fiction, tracked â€Å"the lesbian adventurer inhabiting a twilight world where sexual encounters were acts of romanticised outlawry initiated in some back street bar and consummated in the narrative penetration of the depths of maze-like apartment buildings.† [45]Munt views Bannon’s heroines as mythologizing the â€Å"eroticised urban explorer.† [46] The value of Stonewall’s mythologisation is viewed â€Å"as a constitutive moment, while admitting its cultural fiction.†[47] Other signposts of lesbians claiming a small cultural space and some public domain in this ensuing decade indicated by Mathison Fraher, included the formation of the ‘Mattachine Society’ in 1951 (founded to aid homosexuals in the process of chronicling their collective histories and mitigate against social persecution); the initial publication of ‘One’ Magazine in 1953; the foundation of the lesbian organisation ‘Daughters of Bilitis’ in 1955; and the subsequent publication of their first magazine titled ‘The Ladder’ in 1956. Additionally, the Kinsley Report published in 1957 claimed 10% of the population to predominantly homosexual, while in 1961 Illinois became the first US state to criminalise homosexual acts. The Stonewall Riots in Greenwich Village in 1969 were closely followed by a Gay Rally in Chicago in 1970.[48] Chapter 2 Betty Friedan’s ground breaking book titled ‘The Feminine Mystique’, encapsulated the inexplicable toleration of millions of American women in the 1950’s and early 1960’s that had exclusively devoted themselves to the mutual socially prescribed roles of wife and mother. Friedan’s thesis was that this wholehearted devotion carried a contingent cost and sacrifice beyond the conscious level of comprehension of countless women, oblivious to the enormity of what they were surrendering in the process, as well as the significant parts of themselves they were denying as a result of idolising domesticity. Friedan herself in 1994 retrospectively explained the term ‘feminine mystique’ as when â€Å"women were defined only in sexual relation to men – man’s wife, sex object, mother, housewife- and never a person defining themselves by their own actions in society.†[49] She conceived of this conceptualisation of women as a stifling barrier to their wider participation within society and therefore as fully functioning human beings. It was the notion that this existential position of women was so unchallenged and so instinctively accepted that Friedan found to be so perplexing, provocatively couched by the feminist as a ‘feminine mystique’ to ridicule the notion that the socially contrived roles had acquired the status of an implacable genetic predisposition. Quidlen acclaims Friedan’s foresight in the book’s introduction, as she succeeded in scrutinising ways â€Å"women had been coaxed into selling out their intellect and their ambitions for the paltry price of a new washing machine†¦(seduced by) the development of labour saving appliances†¦(yet being) covered up in a kitchen conspiracy of denial.†[50] Friedan empowered women with confidence to reconceptualise their problems’ origins, lying beyond her marriage or herself.[51] Furthermore, Friedan was a keen observer of hypocrisy, contradiction and imbalance, with a caustic view concerning â€Å"a generation of educated housewives maniacally arranging the silverware and dressing to welcome their husbands’ home from work.†[52] Friedan as many other feminists and indeed lesbians was a strident advocate of the wider participation of women in society. Typifying ways women were alienated from mainstream society and disenfranchised by males, were prevailing attitudes towards abortion, public censure or ambivalence about a woman’s right to choose; the invisibility of sexual abuse, the lack of acknowledgement of more subtle forms of sexual harassment, as well as the economic and social disempowerment with relation to exit strategies for women to leave bad marriages. Friedan observes the 1990’s obsession with defining and crystalising female identity,[53] explaining this as a logical extension of the break down of the feminine mystique and the empowerment of women. This obsession manifested itself through a surfeit of women’s identity literature and college courses in women’s studies. [54] By logical extension, feminism did provide leverage for the liberation of lesbians and the sexual politics associated with lesbianism, in spite of Friedan’s disconnect with lesbianism as a valid expression of women’s rights. Friedan did identify menopause crises, sexual frigidity, promiscuity, pregnancy fears, child birth depression, passivity, the immaturity of American men, discrepancies between women’s tested childhood intellectual abilities and their adult achievements and the changing incidence of adult sexual orgasm in American women as issues pertaining to the emergence of a fuller identity and societal participation for women.[55] It is clear that there was little room in the consciousness of women to process the notion of their sexuality prior to the 1960’s sexual revolution, since women drew neuroses was the energy needed to juggle the conflicting roles between motherhood, domestic duty and work beyond the home and manage the personal and societal guilt which emerged from this 9at times) impossible process.[56] The social and political discourse of the era lionized women who did not lose their man, and balanced service of males, children and home. The wider world was beyond their consciousness and matters of sexual identity were not part of the public domain. Friedan contends that femininity in the 1950’s was a social construction, which, if attended to faithfully, was the only means by which women could achieve contentment and fulfilment, having historically made the blunder of trying to imitate masculinity , instead of embodying femininity, which was deemed to be characterized by sexual passi vity, nurturing maternal love and male domination.[57] Furthermore, the classification of the political domain as a male intellectual and practical bastion did nothing to facilitate women re-evaluating sexual politics and notions of political disenfranchisement in the 1950’s. In 1960, Friedan recalled that â€Å"a perceptive social psychologist showed me some sad statistics which seemed to prove unmistakably that women under age 35 years were not interested in politics.†[58] Furthermore, a false dichotomy was embedded in American national consciousness regarding female sexuality, with no middle ground, namely, women were good who came to the pedestal and whores if they expressed physical sexual desire or sought such pleasure. This dichotomous paradigm disempowered women’s sexual liberation.[59]While the feminine mystique succeeded in precluding women from considering their own sense of personal identity – who they were alone from husband, children and home,[60] the former emphasis of genetic determinism shaped women’s outlook on the path of their lives- plainly, â€Å"the identity of woman is determined by her biology.†[61] (Ironically, the same conclusion regarding lesbianism was not reached by American society for decades, prior to the 1990’s, lesbianism being widely viewed as deviant sexual conduct determined by choice rather than orientation.) Friedan counters the Freudian explanation for the desire of women to depart from the domestic centre, namely the motive of ‘penis envy’ propagated by Freud. [62]Instead, she presciently identified the objectification of women as a societal flaw, â€Å"she was, at that time, so completely defined as object by man, never herself as ‘I’, that she was not even expected to enjoy or participate in the act of sex.†[63] The gay and lesbian revolution gained momentum in the late 1960’s, infused the female with a sense of subjectivity, to counter this objectification, poignantly exemplified through the centring of the female orgasm, which emphatically declared that women were sexual beings, capable and entitled to experience sexual pleasure, rather than being victims of abuse or neutral ‘sideline observers’ of sexual activity while their husbands were actualising their virility through sex. While Friedan acknowledged that â€Å"Freudian tho ught became the ideological bulwark of American of the sexual counter-revolution in America†[64]defining the sexual nature of women, conversely Friedan speculated that an insatiable female sexual desire existed due to the vacuum created by the absence of larger life goals for woman. [65] While she countered Freud with this ex